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Scheduled Language
 

The languages, which are included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India are Scheduled languages and at present twenty-two languages namely, Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu are termed as Scheduled Languages. The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution originally included fourteen languages, after that Sindhi was included by the 21st Amendment Act, enacted in 1967. The number of Scheduled languages was fifteen at the time of presentation of 1981 data and three more languages viz. Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were added to the Eighth Schedule with passing of the 71st Amendment Act in 1992 to the Constitution of India taking the total number of Scheduled languages to eighteen at time of presentation of Census 1991 data. Four more languages viz., Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santali were added to the Eighth Schedule with passing of the 92nd Amendment Act to the Constitution of India enacted in 2004 and this resulted the total number of Scheduled languages to twenty two. Accordingly, data has been presented for the Census 2011. Out of 270 identifiable Mother Tongues which returned by 10,000 or more speakers each at the All India level, 123 mother tongues are grouped under 22 Scheduled languages.


Hindi, the official language of India is predominantly spoken all over the country in general and in the States/Union Territories of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, NCT of Delhi, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh in particular. It is specified in Schedule VIII of Indian Constitution. Hindi falls under the central group of Indo-Aryan family of languages. Linguistically Hindi area encompasses broad dialect group areas named as Western Hindi (Braj Bhasa, Bundeli, Kanauji, Bangaru etc.), Eastern Hindi (Awadhi, Chhattisgarhi, Bagheli, etc.), Speech of Rajasthan (Rajasthani, Marwari, Mewari, etc.), Bihari (Bhojpuri, Maithili, Magahi, etc.) and Pahari (Garhwali, Kumauni, Mandeali, Kulvi, etc.). These broad dialect group areas along with more or less one unifying standard speech, i.e., Standard Hindi on broad intelligibility level presents a composite picture. Besides, a large number of mother tongues also have been returned from these dialect areas through different Censuses. In Census 2011 also, these mother tongues have been classified and treated according to their speakers' strength (satisfying the criterion of 10,000 and above at all India level) and 56 of them (Awadhi, Baghati/Baghati Pahari, Baghel/Baghel Khandi, Bagri Rajasthani, Banjari, Bhadrawahi, Bhagoria, Bharmauri/Gaddi, Bhojpuri, Bishnoi, Braj Bhasha, Bundeli/Bundelkhandi, Chambeali/Chamrali, Chhattisgarhi, Churahi, Dhundhari, Garhwali, Gawari, Gojri/Gujjari/Gujar, Handuri, Hara/Harauti, Haryanvi, Hindi, jaunpuri/Jaunsari, Kangri, Khariboli, Khortha/Khotta, Kulvi, Kumauni, Kurmali Thar, lamani/Lambadi/Labani, Laria, Lodhi, Padari, Palmuha, Panchpargania, pando/Pandwani, Pangwali, pawari/Powari, Puran/Puran Bhasha, Rajasthani, Sadan/Sadri, Sirmauri, Sondwari, Sugali, Surguja and Surjapuri) have been presented separately and grouped under Hindi as its variants and the remaining mother tongues which returned less than 10,000 speakers as variants of Hindi have been included under 'Others'. Devanagari script is used in writing Hindi.

#States/Union TerritoriesNumber% Share*Cum. %
1UTTAR PRADESH18797905535.5835.58
2BIHAR8069846615.2750.85
3MADHYA PRADESH6432496312.1763.03
4RAJASTHAN6127427411.674.62
5HARYANA223221574.2278.85
6CHHATTISGARH213619274.0482.89
7JHARKHAND204360263.8786.76
8MAHARASHTRA144815132.7489.5
9NCT OF DELHI142555262.792.2
10UTTARAKHAND89921141.793.9
11WEST BENGAL63560591.295.1
12HIMACHAL PRADESH58955291.1296.22
13GUJARAT42648680.8197.03
14ANDHRA PRADESH31204130.5997.62
15JAMMU & KASHMIR26126310.4998.11
16PUNJAB25948310.4998.6
17ASSAM21014350.499
18KARNATAKA20133640.3899.38
19ODISHA12390370.2399.62
20CHANDIGARH7767750.1599.76
21TAMIL NADU3933800.0799.84
22GOA1500170.0399.87
23ARUNACHAL PRADESH981870.0299.89
24DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI899050.0299.9
25DAMAN & DIU883120.0299.92
26TRIPURA777010.0199.93
27ANDAMAN & NICOBARIS734240.0199.95
28NAGALAND629420.0199.96
29MEGHALAYA629050.0199.97
30KERALA519280.0199.98
31SIKKIM485860.0199.99
32MANIPUR317030.01100
33MIZORAM106770100
34PUDUCHERRY64030100
35LAKSHADWEEP1600100